A Pediatrician's Training br br What Makes Pediatricia​ns So Smart? br Pediatricians graduate from medical school and then take special courses solely in pediatrics for three or more years. This is called residency. Under supervised conditions, the pediatrician-in-training acquires the knowledge and skills necessary to treat a broad range of conditions, from the mildest childhood illnesses to the most serious diseases. br br After completing residency training, the pediatrician is eligible to take a written exam given by the American Board of Pediatrics. Once she passes this exam, a certificate is issued, which you probably will see hanging on the pediatrician’s office wall.